Bradford Protein Case Essay Example for Free

Bradford Protein Case Essay The appearance of blue color showed the present of protein in the BSA dilutions. The more diluted the solution was, the less blue it was. The R2 value of the standard curve of BSA dilution was obtained to be 0.9972, which is close to 1. The closer to 1 the R2 value was, the more accurate the linear portion was. The error percentage of each unknown was large: 25.9% for skim milk, 95% for soy sauce, and 64.7% for egg white. The vast difference between the theoretical protein concentration and experimental protein concentration of the unknowns showed that Bradford Protein Assay must have limitations. The Coomassie dye only interacts with certain amino acids such as: arginine, histidine, lysine, tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. However, each amino acid has different structure from each other; therefore the Coomassie dye will interact differently with each amino acid. The Coomassie dye molecules are bound to proteins by elctronstatic attraction enhanced by hydrophobic bonding (Tal et al. 1984). Besides the interaction between Coomassie dye and amino acids, some compounds can interfere the result of the Bradford assay such as: salt, fat, and detergent. Another factor that could influence on the Bradford assay is the protein sample must fall within the linear range of standard curve. Another possible explanation for the difference between theoretical protein concentration and experimental protein concentration is human factor. The bottom part of the cuvettes was not supposed to be touched by because that was a region in which the beam of light goes through. The absorbance values at 595 nm are part of the variable of the standard formula that was used to calculate the experimental protein concentration of the unknowns. Therefore, the adjustments in these absorbance values would effectively affect on the experiment protein concentration values. Pipetting could be another error source because it was difficult to pipette exactly 20 l Coomassie dye. Moreover, as recording the absorbance by using the spectrophotometer, different results were obtained within one sample. That means there were certain minor factors that influenced on the instrument. Bradford protein assay was used to determine protein concentration in several samples. Moreover, Bradford protein assay was not able to detect the presence of melamine in the food because the experimental protein concentration was obtained to be -0.005 mg/ml, which is invalid. Bradford protein assay didn’t interact with melamine even though it contains so many amino groups (Field and Field 2010). Melamine is not protein because it doesn’t have either carboxyl groups or functional groups, which are components of an amino acid. At high level, melamine can be toxic by combining with cyanuric acid to form insoluble crystals, which lead to the formation of kidney stones (Eufic, n.d.). Melamine amounts make the amount of protein look higher than they really are when tests that are used to detect nitrogen are used (Science Daily, 2009). Even though melamine has been notified to be toxic, there are still numbers of melamine-contaminated food in the market because the melamine t ests are way to expensive to apply on every single product and take to much time to proceed. In future, to test the accuracy of the Bradford protein assay, more trials will be conducted with different proteins such as: protein shake, chicken broth and 2% whole milk. Since the disability of detecting of the Bradford protein assay, some other methods should be conducted to see whether they could detect the presence of melamine in the food. The University of Minnesota’s BioTechnology Institute developed an enzyme that is used in Bio Scientific’s new MaxDiscoveryTM Melamine Test kit, which simplifies the detection of melamine contamination in food (World Health Organization, n.d.). The melamine deaminase enzyme is created to break one of the C-N bonds in melamine to release ammonia. Clearly, the Bradford Protein Assay still has some limitations to detect melamine in the food. Therefore, to provide safety food, a better and inexpensive protein method needs to be created. Reference: 1. Anjarie F., Jeffrey F. Melamine and cyanuric acid do not interfere with Bradford and Nyhydrin assays for protein determination. Food Chemistry 121 (2010): 912–917 2. Mosche T., Aaron S., Elizabeth N. 1984. Why does Coomassie Brilliant Blue R interact differently with different proteins?. Journal of Biological Chemistry 260(18): 9976-9980 3. European Food Information Council (EUFIC). N.D. Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.eufic.org/page/en/page/faq/faqid/what-is-melamine/ Accessed February 22, 2013. 4. Science Daily. 2009. Simple, Inexpensive Method to Detect Melamine Poison in Food. Last updated July 22, 2009. http://www.who.int/csr/media/faq/QAmelamine/en/index.html. Accessed February 22, 2013. 5. World Health Organization. N.D. Global Alert and Response (GAR). http://www.who.int/csr/media/faq/QAmelamine/en/index.html . Accessed February 22, 2013.

Why Toolbox Manufacturers Charge High Interest Rates and Mechanics Pay Them :: Finance Interest Mechanic Manufacturing

Why do Toolbox Manufacturers Charge High Interest Rates and Mechanics are willing to pay for them? The high interest rates of toolbox financing provide benefits for the manufacturing company and the mechanics. The company increases their net income and the mechanic receives financing, convenience and the name brand. We have all been there. We walk into the garage of our mechanic’s shop, taking a quick glance; we see the huge elaborate toolboxes that each mechanic owns. Most of them are from Mac, Matco or Snap-On. Unless you work in the tool industry most people do not realize what the real cost of each of these boxes is. The average toolbox costs a minimum of $4,500 and can run up to $9,500 for just one component of the set. The Big Three toolbox companies in the industry are Mac, Matco and Snap-on and all are using outrageous interest rates depending on state requirements. The rates vary from 6.25% all the way up to 22.50% in most states. So how much does that toolbox really cost if a mechanic makes weekly payment for the whole term of the contract? A $4,500 dollar contract as the principle balance at 22.50% interest while paying $32.71 a week for 208 weeks (4 years) will cost a total amount of $6,803.68. That is over $2,000.00 in interest. Looking at a $9,500 dollar contract at 22.50% interest while paying $69.06 a week for 208 weeks, will cost a total amount of $14,364.48. That is almost $5,000.00 in interest! Looking at this scenario from a company’s perspective, there has to be a point of competitiveness. Each manufacturer offers in-house financing for mechanics that are interested in buying their product. Due to many mechanics having little or damaged credit, the companies are taking a financial risk by financing them. Considering that for every 100 contracts the company buys 2 will default on the loan. There is a 2% chance of default on a loan. Each company buys 300 contracts on average per day, approximately 78,000 contracts annually which means that 1,500 will more than likely default. The rate of interest on the company’s part is determined by an estimate of how much money will be lost. If the interest income from these rates makes up approximately 35% of each company’s net income, then the total amount of interest income would be 37% from these contracts. 1 For the company, the benefit of bringing in a 35% net income outweighs the cost of a 2% loss of interest income. The other point of view, the mechanic’s, involves three solutions to this question.

Macbeth Characterization Graphic Organizer Essay

Use this graphic organizer to collect your thoughts about characterization in Macbeth. As you read each scene, record what you learn about the character. Add the line from the play that supports your idea. Lady Macbeth Observations Text Support Looks She appears to be a very independent woman. In the video, she walks around with her head up high and talks with great confidence. Actions Demanding And that which rather thou dost fear to do Than wishest should be undoneAnd that which rather thou dost fear to do Than wishest should be undoneand that which rather thou dost fear to do than wishest should be undone Speech Strong She thinks she needs to get her way with everything. She asks the spirits to fill her head to toe with cruelty, making her less like a woman and more like a man who can commit an evil deed) Thoughts Suspicious The raven (a bird that represents death) himself is hoarse. The raven was right behind Macbeth Interactions Seductive When she is talking to Macbeth in the video, she touches him and uses her words strong, but softly. Macbeth Observations Text Support Looks Timid When Lady Macbeth is talking to him, she keeps walking around him and touching him. He looks nervous or afraid. Actions Quiet He doesn’t say or do much around Lady Macbeth. I think he is just trying to keep her happy, so that things don’t escalate. â€Å"My dearest love, Duncan comes her tonight.† â€Å"And when goes hence?† â€Å"To-morrow,– as he purposes.†My dearest love, Duncan comes here tonight. LADY MACBETH. And when goes hence(When does he leave)? MACBETH. To-morrow,—as he purposes Speech Polite I know that most men were polite to their women back in this times, but he calls Lady Macbeth â€Å"My dearest love.† It just goes to show he truly values her and wants her to know he cares. Thoughts Confused He’s not exactly sure what the witches meant when they were talking to him Interactions Simple He keeps his conversations with Lady Macbeth short and sweet. He doesn’t try to upset her in any way. He lets her do most of the talking and intimidating.

The Theme Of Truth In Os Powman By Piers Plowman - 811 Words

Piers Plowman’s whole plot revolves around truth. Piers Plowman is full of many references to truth. It is defined as all that is morally excellent in the world. Throughout the text, Truth is given all characteristics of God and the plowman does what is asked of him as if it was his God. This is very important in itself because if you live a truthful life you will go to heaven. So, if you look up to truth and almost worship the idea of truth and living a truthful existence, you will be in good fortune in God’s eyes. The â€Å"lady of lovely looks† mentions truth in the first passus: â€Å"Truth is therein And would have that ye do as his word teacheth† (13-14). Here, she’s explaining that all truth is within God. Truth is portrayed as being one’s†¦show more content†¦Firstly, The Wife of Bath differs in her vision of sexuality. She has had many previous husbands, and is on her fifth. The Wife of Bath is a sexual character and has little care for chastity. Crist was a mayde, and shapen as a man, And many a seint, sith that the world bigan; Yet lyved that evere in parfit chastitee. I nyl envye no virginitee. (145) The Wife of Bath embraces her sexuality, however for Margery Kempe it is a different story. Chastity is a necessity for her relationship with God. Although not always chastised, she was able to let go of all previous sexual notions towards her husband in order to cleanse her body for God. â€Å"whan sche wend that all fleschly lust had al hol ben qwenchyd in hir. And so long sche was temptyd wyth the syn of letchory for owt that sche cowd do. And yet sche was oftyn schrevyn, sche weryd the hayr, and dede gret bodyly penawns, and wept many a byttyr teer and preyd ful oftyn to owyr Lord that he schuld preserve hir and kepe hir that sche schuld not fallyn into temptacyon, for sche thowt sche had levar ben deed than consentyn therto. And in al this tyme sche had no lust to comown wyth hir husband† (315-321). Because Margery’s husband allowed her to practice chastity, God instructs her to take care of her husband regardless of her previous sexual desires. Even though the women contain different forms of sexuality, I